Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta blockchain. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta blockchain. Mostrar todas as mensagens

sexta-feira, agosto 16, 2019

E agora Costa?

in ECO

Uma nova estratégia para Portugal, já!


Juros negativos travam emissão de obrigações do Tesouro para as famílias 
Com os juros da dívida portuguesa abaixo de 0% até aos sete anos, maturidade das emissões de OTRV, IGCP poderá não avançar com a operação. Certificados vão tapar "buraco" de mil milhões de euros. 
As OTRV foram criadas para oferecer aos pequenos investidores uma forma de investirem diretamente nas obrigações do Tesouro, com as vantagens e desvantagens que tal oferece. Se nos últimos anos permitiu ter acesso a taxas atrativas, à luz das alternativas do próprio Estado, com o contexto de taxas negativas o interesse destes investidores desaparece. Em julho de 2018 — altura em que se realizou a única emissão de OTRV do ano passado–, a taxa a sete anos estava em 1,3% no mercado, tendo o IGCP oferecido 1% aos aforradores nas OTRV. Agora, a yield dos títulos com a mesma maturidade está em -0,05%. 
—in ECO

A Cristina Casalinho faz o que pode, mas pagar para emprestar ao Estado que, ao mesmo tempo, enveredou por uma espécie de fascismo fiscal, não dá!!!

Quando o sistema financeiro mundial der um novo grande estouro, quem irá governar este país de corruptos e tolos chamado Portugal?

É possível que haja um Reset do sistema financeiro ocidental, ou mesmo global, baseado na utilização do chamado blockchain (uma espécie de livro aberto e universalmente partilhado de contas e transações), o qual, porém, terá que ser indexado ao ouro, única medida universalmente assumida como válida (1). Por algum motivo desde há mais de uma década a China acumula reservas de ouro, enquanto outros, como nós, as desbarámos (das 800 toneladas deixadas pelo ditador Salazar, já vendemos 500) em nome de um socialismo que não conseguimos financiar com o que realmente produzimos e vendemos.

Resta-nos definir sem demora um agenda clara de ação:

1) exigir um Estado menos corrupto, economicamente sustentável e menos arrogante (privatizando tudo o que pode ser privatizado sem prejuízo do interesse da comunidade, acabando de vez com a proteção corporativa e partidária dos ditos setores estratégicos, a maioria dos quais faliu e foi alienada, nomeadamente para pagar a monstruosa dívida do Estado); racionalizar o estado social, estabelecendo, nomeadamente, uma pensão de reforma mínima e uma pensão de reforma máxima;

2) exigir a redução da classe política, e da sua obsessiva e omnipresente propaganda, à sua real (quer dizer, escassa) importância económica, social e cultural;

3) atacar politicamente de forma decisiva a voragem fiscal das elites e da partidocracia que têm arruinado o futuro do país;

4) manter a trajetória (imposta pela Alemanha e pelos credores) da redução do défice e da dívida públicos;

5) apoiar estrategicamente todas as indústrias exportadoras, a começar pelo turismo, indústrias tradicionais (têxteis e calçado e maquinaria), a horticultura, a vinha, a produção de fruta e a olivicultura, os serviços florestais certificados, a requalificação das fileiras do mármore, granito e outras rochas decorativas, a exploração sustentável dos metais raros, a aquicultura em mar aberto, e, finalmente, as indústrias de conhecimento e prestação de serviços cognitivos (nomeadamente na esfera das redes 5G, computação quântica, robótica e nanorobótica, e medicina molecular).




NOTA

States-gold-cryptos: the three pillars of the next international currency

...globalized human society is trying to find solutions between maintaining open participation in the world, refocusing on regions of economic activity, reinventing national added value, and optimizing the degree of anchoring to the reality that cities provide. Solutions capable of integrating all these levels exist thanks to new technologies and the networking model in general.

It is in this context that we must place the reflections currently being carried out by the international bodies in charge of conceiving the next world monetary system – reflections made more urgent by the dollar’s return home. In monetary terms, if we combine new technologies (cryptocurrencies, virtual currencies), the mandatory global dimension, the need to re-anchor the system and the inevitability of states, some solutions emerge: a mix of monetary virtualisation offset by the support of gold, all guaranteed by the only level of governance connected to citizens i.e. the State. One can then imagine an international monetary system technologically unified by the blockchain, anchored in national gold reserves that are networked through it and embodied in national denominations: crypto-dollars/Swiss francs/yuan… supported by gold.

Let’s look now at the current events which seem to be heading in this direction...

[...]

In monetary terms, if we combine new technologies (cryptocurrencies, virtual currencies), the mandatory global dimension, the need to re-anchor the system and the inevitability of states, some solutions emerge: a mix of monetary virtualisation offset by the support of gold, all guaranteed by the only level of governance connected to citizens i.e. the State. One can then imagine an international monetary system technologically unified by the blockchain, anchored in national gold reserves that are networked through it and embodied in national denominations: crypto-dollars/Swiss francs/yuan… supported by gold.

Let’s look now at the current events which seem to be heading in this direction.

Beyond the various withdrawals, openness to the world remains (e.g. tourism)
Despite the many tensions at the international level, on an individual basis, the will to get together and interact with other cultures remains strong. In fact, away from the major conflicts, tourism on a global scale is experiencing strong growth, with about 100 million people moving from one country to another each month as visitors. In total, in 2017, 1.4 billion people made the decision, of their own free will, to experience another way of life. France and Spain are the most visited countries, with 87 million and 82 million international tourists respectively, followed by the United States (77 million tourists) and China (60 million tourists).
In 2017, tourism worldwide grew by 7%, well above the forecasts of the UNWTO (World Tourism Organisation), which forecasted a 3.8% growth.
These figures shed light on the dynamics being generated at a human level. They show that, beyond potential trade wars or other diplomatic tensions, there is a greater than expected appetite for abroad, near or far.

The current appetite for global currencies

In the same vein, beyond the populist and nationalist movements, we have seen over the past two years how fond people are of these de facto global currencies called cryptocurrencies. Although there are still few users in comparison to the world’s population, the fact remains that the trend is rising, thanks to the integration of cryptocurrencies within popular services. We can mention here the most emblematic projects already deployed or announced such as Reddit, Telegram, Facebook or even the browser Brave...

Read more in GEAB 132

Atualizado: 17/8/2019 20:41

terça-feira, janeiro 02, 2018

The post-Snowden no trust society

Black stele of Hammurabi Code, ca. 1754 BC (Wikipedia)

A mathematical utopia is on the way and it seems powerful enough to tackle the huge loss of confidence in the information society and in power structures at large.


2008 - Satoshi Nakamoto. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”

Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.

Read the entire paper


2013 - Vitalik Buterin. White Paper

A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform

Satoshi Nakamoto's development of Bitcoin in 2008[1a][1b]–2009[1c][1d] has often been hailed as a radical development in money and currency, being the first example of a digital asset which simultaneously has no backing or intrinsic value[2] and no centralized issuer or controller. However, another, arguably more important, part of the Bitcoin experiment is the underlying blockchain technology as a tool of distributed consensus, and attention is rapidly starting to shift to this other aspect of Bitcoin. Commonly cited alternative applications of blockchain technology include using on-blockchain digital assets to represent custom currencies and financial instruments (colored coins),[3] the ownership of an underlying physical device (smart property),[4] non-fungible assets such as domain names (Namecoin),[5] as well as more complex applications involving having digital assets being directly controlled by a piece of code implementing arbitrary rules known as smart contracts[6] or even blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).[7] What Ethereum intends to provide is a blockchain with a built-in fully fledged Turing-complete programming language that can be used to create "contracts" that can be used to encode arbitrary state transition functions, allowing users to create any of the systems described above, as well as many others that we have not yet imagined, simply by writing up the logic in a few lines of code.

Read more of the “White Paper”.


2014 - Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger
Eip-150 Revision
Dr. Gavin Wood
Founder, Ethereum & Ethcore

Abstract. The blockchain paradigm when coupled with cryptographically-secured transactions has demonstrated its utility through a number of projects, not least Bitcoin. Each such project can be seen as a simple application on a decentralised, but singleton, compute resource. We can call this paradigm a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Ethereum implements this paradigm in a generalised manner. Furthermore it provides a plurality of such resources, each with a distinct state and operating code but able to interact through a message-passing framework with others. We discuss its design, implementation issues, the opportunities it provides and the future hurdles we envisage.

1. Introduction

With ubiquitous internet connections in most places of the world, global information transmission has become incredibly cheap. Technology-rooted movements like Bitcoin have demonstrated, through the power of the default, consensus mechanisms and voluntary respect of the social contract that it is possible to use the internet to make a decentralised value-transfer system, shared across the world and virtually free to use. This system can be said to be a very specialised version of a cryptographically secure, transaction-based state machine. Follow-up systems such as Namecoin adapted this original “currency application” of the technology into other applications albeit rather simplistic ones.

Ethereum is a project which attempts to build the generalised technology; technology on which all transactionbased state machine concepts may be built. Moreover it aims to provide to the end-developer a tightly integrated end-to-end system for building software on a hitherto unexplored compute paradigm in the mainstream: a trustful object messaging compute framework.

Read the entire “Yellow Paper”


ĐApps: What Web 3.0 Looks Like
Note: originally posted Wednesday, 17 April 2014 on gavofyork's blog Insights into a Modern World.

As we move into the future, we find increasing need for a zero-trust interaction system. Even pre-Snowden, we had realised that entrusting our information to arbitrary entities on the internet was fraught with danger. However, post-Snowden the argument plainly falls in the hand of those who believe that large organisations and governments routinely attempt to stretch and overstep their authority. Thus we realise that entrusting our information to organisations in general is a fundamentally broken model. The chance of an organisation not meddling with our data is merely the effort required minus their expected gains. Given they tend to have an income model that requires they know as much about people as possible the realist will realise that the potential for convert misuse is difficult to overestimate.

The protocols and technologies on the Web, and even at large the Internet, served as a great technology preview. The workhorses of SMTP, FTP, HTTP(S), PHP, HTML, Javascript each helped contribute to the sort of rich cloud-based applications we see today such as Google's Drive, Facebook and Twitter, not to mention the countless other applications ranging through games, shopping, banking and dating. However, going into the future, much of these protocols and technologies will have to be re-engineered according to our new understandings of the interaction between society and technology.

Web 3.0, or as might be termed the "post-Snowden" web, is a reimagination of the sorts of things that we already use the Web for, but with a fundamentally different model for the interactions between parties. Information that we assume to be public, we publish. Information that we assume to be agreed, we place on a consensus-ledger. Information that we assume to be private, we keep secret and never reveal. Communication always takes place over encrypted channels and only with pseudonymous identities as endpoints; never with anything traceable (such as IP addresses). In short, we engineer the system to mathematically enforce our prior assumptions, since no government or organisation can reasonably be trusted.

There are four components to the post-Snowden Web: static content publication, dynamic messages, trustless transactions and an integrated user-interface.

Read more

quarta-feira, dezembro 27, 2017

Next Revolution

'These nerds are more powerful than standing armies'


Ethereum symbol white designed by Szabaduzso

Ethereum: a peaceful and silent revolution is on the way

In the past six months, blue-chip companies from BP to JP Morgan and Microsoft have endorsed ether, a rival to the best-known cryptocurrency bitcoin, and it has exploded in value by 4,400%. 
A 37-year-old former Microsoft research scientist called Gavin Wood wrote “100% of the code” for the currency, according to Brock Pierce, an early investor in both Ethereum, the computing platform behind ether, and bitcoin. 
Wood now runs a company called Parity Technologies, which has created a browser for the Ethereum network. 
in “British coder revealed as brains behind bitcoin rival”
Gavin Wood ‘wrote the code’ for ether — whose value has soared 4,400% this year
Danny Fortson in San Francisco
June 25 2017, 12:01am,
The Sunday Times



24th November 2014, Berlin. Ethereum ÐΞVcon-0 - Gavin: Welcome! Our mission: ÐApps. In this first video from the ÐΞVCON 0 series, Dr. Gavin Wood introduces the ΞTHÐΞV team and our mission: ÐApps, decentralized applications.

Vitalik Buterin explains Ethereum [in 3 minutes], 2014




Texas Bitcoin Conference in Austin, Texas, 2014. Vitalik Buterin explains what Ethereum is.


Keiser Report: New Crypto Phenomenon Ethereum (E569), 2014

DEVCON ONE: “Ethereum for Dummies” - Dr. Gavin Wood Ethereum Developer Conference. November 9th-13th, 2015 - Gibson Hall, London.




Vitalik Buterin - The Mastermind Behind Ethereum. Interview by Valerian Bennett. YouTube, 05/06/2017.

THE UNCANNY MIND THAT BUILT ETHEREUM
VITALIK BUTERIN INVENTED THE WORLD’S HOTTEST NEW CRYPTOCURRENCY AND INSPIRED A MOVEMENT — BEFORE HE’D TURNED 20. 
I remember waking up the first morning of the conference. I had fallen asleep the night before while most everyone was still awake, bedding down with a couch pillow in some back hallway of the house, earplugs in, hoodie cinched. When I walked into the living room I found it empty of people, but blinking and whirring with technology. Extension cords snaked across the floor, looping around empty beer bottles and the legs of a whiteboard that was tagged with equations and diagrams. I tried and failed to find an outlet for my phone. 
Buterin was the only person awake. He was sitting outside in a deck chair, working intensely. I didn’t bother him, and he didn’t say hello. But, I remember the impression he made on me at the time. This skeletal, 19-year-old boy, who was all limbs and joints, was hovering above his laptop like a preying mantis, delivering it nimble, lethal blows at an incredible speed. 
in Morgenpeck, Wired, 06.13.16




Today at Disrupt SF 2017 Vitalik Buterin sat down with AngelList founder Naval Ravikant to talk Ethereum. Because, well, Vitalik created Ethereum. Up front, Ravikant asked him to explain Ethereum and this is what he said. 
“You basically need to have some system that keeps track of how much money you have at any given time, how much money you have the right to spend,” Buterin said. “You can very easily do it with centralized servers, but if you want to do it in a decentralized manner, it’s actually a very hard problem.” 
- Posted Sep 18, 2017, by Matt Burns (@mjburnsy)




Vitalik Buterin - The Advantages of Decentralization - EventHorizon 2017

From 14 to 15 February EventHorizon 2017 brought together 550 international first movers and thought leaders from the energy as well as the Blockchain sector in the Hofburg Vienna – and imperial conference and event centre, where for over 700 years, both past and modern history have been written within its walls – to discuss and develop the energy solutions for the future. 
Please find more detailed information on our event website: www.eventhorizon2017.com

Discuss (Dec 10,2017) Vitalik Buterin - Lays Out Ethereum 2.0 Roadmap In Taiwan 


Atualizado em 31/12/2017 20:32 WET

segunda-feira, dezembro 18, 2017

Por uma democracia de confiança



A revolução digital só agora começou


As bolhas das dívidas soberanas e o mercado especulativo de derivados financeiros são a coisa mais extraordinária que o Capitalismo conheceu em toda a sua história, exceção feita, talvez, das duas grandes guerras mundiais que permitiram a sua expansão exponencial.

O que agora parece estar em causa, por efeito da exaustão dos recursos à superfície da crosta terrestre, a começar pelo fim da energia barata, é mesmo o fim do crescimento. A procura agregada mundial deixou de crescer a um ritmo capaz de repor o capital gasto na busca de matérias primas como o petróleo, o carvão e o gás natural, minérios de ferro, terras aráveis, água potável, etc., e ainda no cumprimento das obrigações contraídas perante os clientes dos bancos, companhias de seguros e da segurança social. Mais, a taxa de crescimento demográfico mundial atingiu o seu máximo em 1964. Ora sem demografia não há crescimento de nenhuma espécie, salvo o das bolhas especulativas que proliferam. Resta-nos, pois, regressar ao crescimento zero (na realidade, entre 0 e 1%) que foi a regra desde o princípio da humanidade até meados do século 19. Esta é a próxima revolução global, que porventura já começou!

Dois sinais: o colapso do sistema financeiro assente em bancos e bancos centrais, mais os seus sistemas de certificação, parece estar definitivamente em curso. Prova disso é a fuga cada vez mais visível da riquza mundial para as chamadas cripto-moedas. Outro sinal são os movimentos sociais que exigem, com cada vez mais veemência e conhecimento, uma DEMOCRACIA DE CONFIANÇA, assente em protocolos de transparência, registo e cooperação eletrónica à escala global. Por um lado, a economia global veio para ficar, por outro, exige-se para todos o chamado Rendimento Básico Incondicional e um sistema de trocas e de pagamentos livre da corrupção e especulação político-financeiras.

Blockchains for social good could revolutionize democracy and politics at large. I think Distributed Ledger Technology with Democracy Maps can be a paradigm shift to present populism plaguing most democracies around the world, and force bureaucratic authoritarian regimes to adapt to individual freedom and real democracy.
This EU initiative is more than welcome. Let’s work on this beautiful challenge!

António Cerveira Pinto in Second City



Blockchains for Social Good 

This prize [€5 million] aims to develop solutions to social innovation challenges using distribute ledger technology. 
The challenge to solve 
The challenge is to develop scalable, efficient and high-impact decentralised solutions to social innovation challenges leveraging Distributed Ledger Technology (DLTs), such as the one used in blockchains. 
DLT in its public, open and permissionless forms is widely considered as a ground-breaking digital technology supporting decentralised methods for consensus reaching as well as sharing, storing and securing transactions and other data with fewer to no central intermediaries 
In the wake of the widespread public attention for Bitcoin, several financial applications based on blockchains are already under development. 
However, the potential of DLTs to generate positive social change by decentralising and disintermediating processes related to local or global sustainability challenges is still largely untapped. 
in “Blockchains for social good”. IEIC Horizon Prize

Read more




Distributed Ledger Technology 

Algorithms that enable the creation of distributed ledgers are powerful, disruptive innovations that could transform the delivery of public and private services and enhance productivity through a wide range of applications. 
Ledgers have been at the heart of commerce since ancient times and are used to record many things, most commonly assets such as money and property. They have moved from being recorded on clay tablets to papyrus, vellum and paper. However, in all this time the only notable innovation has been computerisation, which initially was simply a transfer from paper to bytes. Now, for the first time algorithms enable the collaborative creation of digital distributed ledgers with properties and capabilities that go far beyond traditional paper-based ledgers. 
A distributed ledger is essentially an asset database that can be shared across a network of multiple sites, geographies or institutions. All participants within a network can have their own identical copy of the ledger. Any changes to the ledger are reflected in all copies in minutes, or in some cases, seconds. The assets can be financial, legal, physical or electronic. The security and accuracy of the assets stored in the ledger are maintained cryptographically through the use of ‘keys’ and signatures to control who can do what within the shared ledger. Entries can also be updated by one, some or all of the participants, according to rules agreed by the network. 
Underlying this technology is the ‘block chain’, which was invented to create the peer-to-peer digital cash Bitcoin in 2008. Block chain algorithms enable Bitcoin transactions to be aggregated in ‘blocks’ and these are added to a ‘chain’ of existing blocks using a cryptographic signature. The Bitcoin ledger is constructed in a distributed and ‘permissionless’ fashion, so that anyone can add a block of transactions if they can solve a new cryptographic puzzle to add each new block. The incentive for doing this is that there is currently a reward in the form of twenty five Bitcoins awarded to the solver of the puzzle for each ‘block’. Anyone with access to the internet and the computing power to solve the cryptographic puzzles can add to the ledger and they are known as ‘Bitcoin miners’. The mining analogy is apt because the process of mining Bitcoin is energy intensive as it requires very large computing power. It has been estimated that the energy requirements to run Bitcoin are in excess of 1GW and may be comparable to the electricity usage of Ireland.  
in “Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain. A Report by the UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser”.

Read more